Assignment of Global Financial Crisis-Free-Sample-Myassignment

Questions: 1.What was the main cause of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and why it has spread Internationally? Do you believe that it could have been prevented? 2.One of the tools Australia and many other countries have used to fight the recession trends was to cut cash rates. The Reserve Bank of Australia has itself cut the cash rate from 6.75% in January 2008 to 2% in January 2016. Why do you believe central banks all over the world are using this tool to fight the recession in their Economies? Do you believe it has been efficient in Australia and globally? 3.The article has mentioned the slow down in the Chinese Economy and its Impact on Australia. Why do you believe Australia cares so much about what is happening in China? Answers: 1.The global financial crisis is believed to start in July, 2007 with credit crunch. The loss of confidence by the US investors led to the liquidity crisis. For this reason, US Federal Bank injected a huge amount of capital into the financial market. However, in 2008, the situation got much worse as the stock market crashed around the world. What follows in turn, has been discussed in the following section. Sub-Prime Crisis: According to the critics, the main reason for the global financial crisis is due to the fact that borrowers were not being able to repay the mortgage loan (Hass and Lelyveld 2014). Housing market in the US had suffered largely as most of the home owners who had taken their mortgage loan were unable to repay. As the large number of borrowers defaulted on loan, it was quite difficult for the bank to obtain those loans from them. As housing collapse, this situation acted as a trigger for global financial crisis. Moreover, another main reason for global financial crisis is because of three rating agencies Standard Poor's, Fitch, and Moody's failed to organize subprime security as investment grade. This would further trigger the crisis as those famous rating agencies were paid to rate securities (Hass and Lelyveld 2014). Thirdly, due to the higher food and petrol prices in the summer of 2008, it led to the crisis of market led growth which in turn led to the global financial crisis. Ther efore, in total, 2008 global financial crisis occurred due to the convergence of different forces along with social, economical and political (Vazquez and Federico 2015). Financial crisis spread like epidemics. Several countries were affected due to the US financial crisis. Foreign banks bought collateralized debt. Many of these loans were rebundled and sold to the various financial institutions across the world (Vazquez and Federico 2015). Moreover, all the international banking systems are internally linked. If some bank started losing money, it has the impact in their international banking system. Therefore, it was difficult for firms and consumers to borrow from the banks. This reduction in lending led to the further decrease in aggregate demand (Claessens and Van Horen 2015). Therefore, those countries do not have any exposure to subprime lending also affected by this credit crunch. On the other hand, during this recession, global export fell. Countries experienced a drastic reduction in exports. This would spread to the global recession. Further, this financial crisis, negatively affected the consumer led to the lower financial growth (Hass and Lelyveld 2014). The US Federal Reserve and then Bush administrator could have been prevented the global recession if they considered the early warning signs. In the late 2006, for the first time, the commerce department revealed that housing rate dropped by 28% in that year (Milner, Niven and LaMontagne 2015). However, the US government were unable to predict that the further slump of home sale in the coming few months as it did not happen since great depression. In fact, as per the Beige report, the Fed claimed that their economy is strong enough to combat with the price slump (Milner, Niven and LaMontagne 2015). In that year, for the second time Fed government ignored the warning (Claessens and Van Horen 2015). This time it was the inverted yield curve for US treasury notes. Inverted yield treasury notes refer when short-term treasury notes are higher than the long term treasury notes. Normally, the yield curve was inverted shaped before the past recessions of 2001, 1991 and 1981(Milner, Niven and LaMontagne 2015). Critics ignored this sign as interest rates were comparatively lower than in the prior recessions. They assumed that housing price would again increase as Fed cut down the interest rate. However, this was not the case. 2.The Reserve Bank of Australia had announced to cut down the interest rate by full percentage points in order to combat the global financial crisis. Their lending rate was lowered by full 100 basis points since 1992. Due to the cut in the cash rates, all the major Australian banks lowered their home loan rate by 80 basis points (Goh et al. 2015). The reasons behind the steep cut in the interest rate have been discussed in the following section. The continuous rise in the stock market due to the drastic cut in the interest rate helps to stimulate the Australian market. The SP/ASX200 share index fluctuates around 3% before closing to 1.7% points (Goh et al. 2015). Wall Street and major European markets dipped overnight on growing concerns of a sudden breakdown in the global economy (Allen 2016). Australian dollar which has increased to around 10 US cents has been reduced to 2 US cents due to the cut in the cash rates (Lins, Servaes and Tamayo 2015). Another tool used by the RBA to cut the cash rate is by buying the treasury securities. As the price of bonds and securities increased, demand for this product also increased which pushes up the price. In fact, as per Lee McPheters, a research professor and director of W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University, when the securities price increases, the fixed return as a percent will be lower (Justiniano, Primiceri and Tambalotti 2015). Although government uses several tools in order to control the interest rates, it does not control it. During the recession period, consumers tend to save more rather than spend the entire money. As a result of this, demand for credit falls and that in turn leads the RBA government to cut the cash rates. Apart from that, RBA government cut the interest rate due to the fear of deflation. As per the Australian Bureau of Statistics, inflation increased about 1.7% per year (Justiniano, Primiceri and Tambalotti 2015). For this reason, RBA government concerned about the rising Australian dollar resulted of cutting the interest rate by full basis points (Bordo and Haubrich 2017). As per the RBAs policy of cutting down the interest rate to a record low helps to come out of global recessions; however, on the other hand, as per the Keri Phillips reports, Australian economy went towards a rough phase due to the cut in the cash rates. Australian Central Bank, RBA has been responsible for the charge of monetary policy since the financial deregulation in 1980s. Through adjusting the interest rate they adjust the money moving into the economy. The main objective of the RBAs cash rate cut is to stimulate economic growth (Bordo and Haubrich 2017). The reason is as the money is now cheaper to borrow; people will spend more money on consumption and investment. On the other hand, most economists estimate that 3% growth is needed to restrict the employment rate from rising. However, lowering down the interest rate to 2% results the expected rise in the unemployment rate (Goh et al. 2015). In fact, data shows that unemployment rate in Australia were at the highest level in the last 13 years (Lins, Servaes and Tamayo 2015). The figure also revealed that more than 28000 full time jobs were lost due to this, although this loss in the full time jobs was partially offset by the part time jobs. This cut in the interest rate also has an effect on the countrys currency. As currency rate decreases due to the cut in the cash rates, exports are more competitive. Therefore, in the global financial crisis scenario, other countries along with Australia tried to cut down the cash rate in order to expand their exports. 3.Sino-Australian relationship defines the relationship between Commonwealth of Australia and China (Greenglass et al. 2014). This relationship between the two nations has been growing continuously over the decades in terms of political, economic and social aspects. Australian economy has been able to survive the global financial crisis followed by huge supportive programs from China. Since the collapse of Lehman Brothers, Chinese economy has boomed and Australian economy had been hugely assisted from them. Australian business made huge profits from international trade deals with China in mining and agricultural sector. China also invests a huge amount in Australian economy and Australia exports more than 30% to China (Justiniano, Primiceri and Tambalotti 2015). Therefore, Chinas economic slowdown definitely affected Australian economy in a number of ways. Due to the Chinese economic downturn, international trade between the two countries might reduce, in fact Australian economy may face an oversupply of goods which means that Chinese investors abandoned from the Australian asset. In fact, Australian tourism economy could take a huge hit if Chinese consumer decides to reduce its spending (Feenstra, Li and Yu 2014). Therefore, it is necessary for the Australian economy to diverse its economic relationship with China in the sense that they should reduce their huge of Chinese mining resources. China being the biggest Australian trading partner, accounted for 34% of their export in agricultural and energy-related products and services (Borio 2014). In fact, over the last decades, Australian ranked as second in terms of Chinese direct investment. In fact, they receive $80bn in Chinese oversees direct investment (Borio 2014). Moreover, Chinese investment in Australian real estate sector has been increased over the last couple of years. As per the KPMG report, Chinese real estate investment has been increased to AU$ 6.85bn in 2015 (Philippon 2015). Although this real estate investment was solely focused on one Australian state New South Wales including Sydney which accounted for the total of 94% (Drezner 2014). Renewable energy and healthcare both are the Chinas next target market. In addition to this, Sino-Australia free-trade agreement has been signed on December, 2015. Based on the report, Australias duty free exports constituted for more than 86% (Feenstra, Li and Yu 2014). The same report estimated that it would increase to 94% in 2019 and further 96% in 2029 (Feenstra, Li and Yu 2014). Apart from that, Australian educational sector also have a huge impact on Chinese economy. As per the International Institute of education, more than 90,000 Chinese comes to Australia for the educational purpose (Borio 2014). Those students studying in Australia helps to stimulate the relationship cross-border business opportunities between the two nations. Australian mineral and mining sector are the mostly impacted from Chinese economy. In fact, the value of energy and minerals export from in Australia which was only 57% in 2007 has been increased to around 80% in 2009 (Philippon 2015). Although Chinese manufacturing sectors fell drastically due to the global recessions its general energy and minerals needs from Australia increased rapidly more than its economy (Drezner 2014). References: Allen, R.E., 2016.Financial crises and recession in the global economy. Edward Elgar Publishing. Baker, S.R., Bloom, N. and Davis, S.J., 2016. Measuring economic policy uncertainty.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,131(4), pp.1593-1636. Bordo, M.D. and Haubrich, J.G., 2017. Deep recessions, fast recoveries, and financial crises: Evidence from the American record.Economic Inquiry,55(1), pp.527-541. Borio, C., 2014. The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?.Journal of Banking Finance,45, pp.182-198. Claessens, S. and Van Horen, N., 2015. The impact of the global financial crisis on banking globalization.IMF Economic Review,63(4), pp.868-918. Drezner, D.W., 2014. The system worked: Global economic governance during the great recession.World Politics,66(1), pp.123-164. Drezner, D.W., 2014. The system worked: Global economic governance during the great recession.World Politics,66(1), pp.123-164. Feenstra, R.C., Li, Z. and Yu, M., 2014. Exports and credit constraints under incomplete information: Theory and evidence from China.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(4), pp.729-744. Goh, B.W., Li, D., Ng, J. and Yong, K.O., 2015. Market pricing of banks fair value assets reported under SFAS 157 since the 2008 financial crisis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(2), pp.129-145. Greenglass, E., Antonides, G., Christandl, F., Foster, G., Katter, J.K., Kaufman, B.E. and Lea, S.E., 2014. The financial crisis and its effects: Perspectives from economics and psychology.Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics,50, pp.10-12. Haas, R. and Lelyveld, I., 2014. Multinational banks and the global financial crisis: Weathering the perfect storm?.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,46(s1), pp.333-364. Justiniano, A., Primiceri, G.E. and Tambalotti, A., 2016. Quantitative Modeling of the Financial Crisis A Simple Model of Subprime Borrowers and Credit Growth.The American Economic Review,106(5), pp.543-547. Lins, K.V., Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2015. Social capital, trust, and firm performance during the financial crisis. Milner, A.J., Niven, H. and LaMontagne, A.D., 2015. Occupational class differences in suicide: evidence of changes over time and during the global financial crisis in Australia.BMC psychiatry,15(1), p.223. Philippon, Thomas. "Has the US finance industry become less efficient? On the theory and measurement of financial intermediation."The American Economic Review105, no. 4 (2015): 1408-1438. Vazquez, F. and Federico, P., 2015. Bank funding structures and risk: Evidence from the global financial crisis.Journal of banking finance,61, pp.1-14.

Les Miserables Essays (1187 words) - English-language Films

Les Miserables Throughout peoples lives they will be influenced due to other people and events. In the book Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, Jean is influenced by three different people. The first influence on Jean was by the bishop. Another influence on Jean was Cosette. A third influence on Jean was Javert. These influences can all be related to influences in my life. The bishop's influence on Jean relates to my life and the way my grandfather has influenced me. The bishop was one of Jeans first and most important influences involving kindness and forgiveness. The first way that the bishop shows kindness to Jean is by inviting him into his home for dinner and a place to sleep, even though he is an ex-convict and no one else would help him. The next and most powerful act of kindness and forgiveness that the bishop shows to Jean is, when he tells the police that the silver which Jean had actually stole was a gift, and that he had forgotten to take his gift of candlesticks. When the bishop says, "Ah there you are! I am glad to see you, but I gave you the candlesticks too, which are also silver and will bring you two hundred francs"(1/24). When the bishop say's this, Jean is filled with surprise and disbelief, and did not know what to do. From that day on Jean would remember the bishop and his kindness towards him, and use this memory to help others w ho where poor. A person in my life who has influenced me in a way that relates to the way that the bishop influenced Jean is my grandfather. One way that my grandfather has influenced me is by buying me a car on my sixteenth birthday even though I hadn't asked him for it. Another way that my grandfather has been an influence in my life is by helping me make important decisions throughout my life. The last and most important influence that my grandfather has had on me is by taking me into his house and raising me like I was his own son, when my dad and mom where still to young to raise a child. These are just a few examples of how my grandfather has influenced my life. The influences in my life with my grandfather are closely related to the way the bishop had influenced Jean's life. Cosette's influence on Jean is directly related to the influence that my mom has on me. Cosette influences Jean in many different ways throughout the book. One way that she influences Jean is by is by showing him that she trusts him by going with him when he comes to the Thenardiers Inn, this showed Jean that he was doing a good thing and that Cosette would trust him. The second way that Cosette influenced Jean was by simply loving him and giving him a different reason to live, since he was now living and doing good for Cosette. The third way that Jean is influenced by Cosette is by making Marius swear not to tell Cosette, so that she wouldn't be torn apart by the bad news. After Jean tells Marius his secrete he says, "if it had not been for wanting to see her, I should not have made this confession; I should merely have gone away"(4/293). By saying this Jean is confessing every thing about his life so that Cosette can be happy wit Marius. These are all ways that Cosette has had an i nfluence on Jean. A person in my life who's influences on me can be related to Cosettes influence on Jean is my mom. One way that my mom has influenced me through my life is by giving me someone to love when I'm mad at my dad or other people in my life. Another way that my mom has influenced me is by helping me through problems that no one else can help me with. The last example of an influence on my life by my mom is by trusting me to places alone or with friends, even though they it could be far away and she won't know where exactly I will be. These are all examples

Debate of Gun Control in America

Gun control issue The issue of gun control raises a very contested debate whenever any act of violence is committed and a gun is involved executing it. Several stakeholders, including politicians, policy implementers, gun lobbyists, and the civil society have been engaging in the discussion for over a century, but an ultimate response is yet to be reached.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Debate of Gun Control in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those suggesting that ownership of the gun is illegal and unethical observe that the local authorities and the federal agencies in charge of the gun control policy are not doing enough in terms of policy formulation because the rate at which people acquire guns and use them to destroy life is alarming. Indeed, it is a threat to the national security. For the advocates, they present a dissenting view by noting that the law goes too far, which amounts to i nfringement of individual rights. Opponents of gun control defend the argument that each American should be allowed to own a gun since introducing control measures prevent individuals from protecting their lives and property. For instance, hunters, sport shooters, and recreational gunmen should be allowed to acquire guns since their aim is not to harm anyone, but instead to enjoy their lives (Lavery Hughes, 2008). The Second Amendment to the constitution allows free ownership of guns in the country. Since life is highly valued, any person should have the ability to protect it at any given time, irrespective of whether the state has an effective and sufficient security system or not. Major debate In this article, it is argued that gun control should be embraced in the country and stronger laws ought to be drafted to stop unnecessary loss of life. Proponents of gun ownership suggest that certain groups should not be allowed to acquire guns meaning that controlling the distribution an d ownership of these dangerous weapons should be supported. For instance, the society would be unmanageable if criminals and the mentally challenged were allowed to acquire guns. Similarly, children should not be given an opportunity to own any form of a lethal weapon, including guns because they might use them to commit mass murder.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since the 1970s, a number of legal and social reviews suggest that the rates of gun-connected felonies have gone up in the country as compared to other industrialized states, such as Britain and Canada. New York City implemented the gun control policies and the result was positive since cases of crimes went down. The development of technological weapons poses a serious threat to the very survival in society, something that has forced legislators to reconsider their previous decision on gun control. Be fore the Supreme Court ruling in 1939, the constitution allowed several militias to own guns, as it was important in the preservation of the national and state security. If not managed in the right way, arms, weapon technology, gun possession, and regulatory laws have the potential of damaging the society. The establishment of the national gun registry could perhaps generate personal issues while utilization of invalid or ambiguous gun control rules could lead to loss of life and property. The truth is that a lasting solution to the issues surrounding ownership of guns is yet to be reached, but controlling the supply and ownership is inevitable. Views of opponents In the newspaper article published by Morris on April 21, 2013, it is noted that gun ownership is directly related to homicide in the sense that the community would be safer if only the government is given the responsibility of protecting the populace. In fact, no one would be willing to start a fight once he or she realiz es that there is no gun to rely on in protecting oneself. If each person is allowed to acquire a gun or any form of a lethal weapon, chances are high that individuals would be reluctant to cooperate with the authorities. Each person has to depend on the government for protection and this explains the reason why an individual would first dial the police hotline once he or she is attacked in the house. This facilitates obedience and loyalty to the government leading to peaceful coexistence.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Debate of Gun Control in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the case is different for the individuals with guns because they might end up rising against each other since they are fully armed. Allowing ownership of guns in the country would be taking the society back to the times when the social contract never existed whereby life was nasty, brutal, and short-lived. At th at time, individuals were highly appetitive and self-centered because selfish interests overrode communal or common interests. Based on the views of Hobbes, there should be a leviathan, which is charged with the responsibility of overseeing the interests of each person. The government acts as the leviathan or the common authority that should offer protection to all people in the country, including the ruling class. Human beings are naturally brutal and aggressive and allowing them to own guns would be fuelling mass murder and crime. The study conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health revealed that ownership of guns and the persistent rates of homicide were inseparable. The correlation between guns and homicides is compared to the relationship between Nicholas Cage and horrifying films. Additionally, a strong correlation between gun ownership and suicide exists. Planning a suicide mission is like strategizing on how to make a wedding successful since an individual has to sit d own, figure out all the options, set the date, and execute the plan. Since shooting is the most effective option, an individual would likely apply it, but the situation would be different if gun ownership is controlled. Data from various governmental sources as regards to suicide prove that a state with a high number of gun ownership has a higher suicide rate while those with gun control laws have low cases. For the last thirty years, the US has experienced at least sixty-two mass shootings in several states. Criminals or illegal gun owners did not perpetrate the mass murders, but instead those licensed to defend their wealth using the weapons were the culprits implying that possession of guns is a threat to human life.Advertising Looking for critical writing on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Official governmental data proves that licensed gun owners carried out forty-nine mass murders and the weapons used are believed to be high-capacity magazines. The government has all the reasons to control gun usage and ownership in the country if life and property is to be protected. In case it is necessary to own a gun, then only short-guns should be issued out or be recommended to the applicants since they do not have the capacity to exterminate the lives of many people. In other countries, such as Australia, the government has been quick to take action once wrong usage of the gun is reported to the state security agencies. For instance, the conservative premier moved in to take stern action in 1996 when mass shooting led to the deaths of over thirty-six individuals. In the crackdown, over six hundred automatic weapons were repossessed and destroyed while several short-guns and pistols were recovered from individuals. Views of proponents Proponents of gun ownership in the country support their claims by noting that the Second Amendment to the constitution permits free ownership of weapons, including all forms of guns. However, this is not true because the constitution was amended specifically to give the state militias some powers to defend their territories following the formation of the union. It was felt that the union was weak and it could not have the capacity to protect the aggressor from harming the locals. Advocates of gun ownership simply quote the phrase â€Å"bear arms,† yet they neglect the key word, which is the militia (Morris, 2013). The US was going through several problems and conflicts since some regions were simply concerned with disturbing peace and security. The government lacked sufficient structures and measures to deal with the rising cases of crime and loss of life through ethnic, racial, and religious clashes. The enemy would invade any time and the government would take sides meaning that a possibility of a genocide occurri ng was imminent. The militias served the interests of the public because they would be deployed as the state army, but the current system of gun ownership simply fulfils the interests of an individual. Based on this, the law should be reinterpreted the way the Supreme Court did in previous years to prevent individuals from owning guns in the country. Since the constitution appreciated the sovereignty of each state, the militias were justified to own guns. References Lavery, J., Hughes, W. (2008). Critical Thinking: An Introduction to the Basic Skills. New York: Broadview Press. Morris, M. (2013, April 21). 10 arguments for Gun Control. LISTVERSE. Retrieved from https://listverse.com/2013/04/21/10-arguments-for-gun-control/ This critical writing on Debate of Gun Control in America was written and submitted by user Ph1ll1p to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding the Big Five Personality Traits

Understanding the Big Five Personality Traits Todays psychologists agree that personality can be described by five broad traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Together, these traits make up the five-factor model of personality known as the Big Five. Key Takeaways: Big Five Personality Traits The Big Five personality traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.Each trait represents a continuum. Individuals can fall anywhere on the continuum for each trait.Evidence suggests that personality is highly stable during adulthood, although small changes may be possible. Origin of the Big Five Model The Big Five, as well as other models that specify human personality traits, arises from the lexical hypothesis, which was first proposed by Francis Galton in the 1800s. The lexical hypothesis states that every natural language contains all the personality descriptions that are relevant and important to the speakers of that language. In 1936, pioneering psychologist Gordon Allport and his colleague Henry Odbert explored this hypothesis by going through an unabridged English dictionary and creating a list of 18,000 words related to individual differences. Approximately 4,500 of those terms reflected personality traits. This sprawling set of terms gave psychologists interested in the lexical hypothesis a place to start, but it wasnt useful for research, so other scholars attempted to narrow the set of words down. Eventually, in the 1940s, Raymond Cattell and his colleagues used statistical methods to reduce the list to a set of only 16 traits. Several additional scholars analyzed Cattell’s work, including Donald Fiske in 1949, and they all came to a similar conclusion: the data contained a strong, stable set of five traits. However, it wasnt until the 1980s that the Big Five began to receive wider scholarly attention. Today, the Big Five is a ubiquitous part of psychology research, and psychologists largely agree that personality can be grouped into the five basic traits specified by the Big Five. The Big Five Traits Each Big Five trait represents a continuum. For example, the trait of extraversion’s opposite is introversion. Together, extraversion and introversion make up opposing ends of a spectrum for that Big Five trait. People can be very extraverted or very introverted, but most people will fall somewhere in between the extremes of the spectrum.   Its also important to remember that each trait of the Big Five is very broad, representing a cluster of many personality characteristics. These characteristics are more specific and granular than each of the five traits as a whole. Thus, each trait can be defined in general and also broken down into several facets. Openness to Experience If you possess high openness to experience, you are open to all the original and complex things life has to offer, both experientially and mentally. The opposite of openness to experience is close-mindedness. Individuals with this trait are usually: CuriousImaginativeArtisticInterested in many thingsExcitableUnconventional Conscientiousness Conscientiousness means having good impulse control, which enables individuals to fulfill tasks and meet goals. Conscientious behavior includes planning and organization, delaying gratification, avoiding compulsive action, and following cultural norms. The opposite of conscientiousness is lack of direction. Key facets of conscientiousness include: CompetenceOrder, or organizational skillsDutifulness, or a lack of carelessnessAchievement through hard workSelf-disciplineBeing deliberate and controlled Extraversion Extraverted individuals who draws their energy from their interactions with the social world. Extraverts are sociable, talkative, and outgoing. The opposite of extraversion is introversion. Extraverts are typically: GregariousAssertiveActiveExcitement-seekingEmotionally positive and enthusiasticWarm and outgoing Agreeableness The trait of agreeableness refers to a positive and altruistic orientation. This trait enables individuals to see the best in others, trust others, and behave prosocially. The opposite of agreeableness is antagonism. Agreeable people are often: Trusting and forgivingStraightforward and undemandingAltruisticAffable and amenableModestSympathetic to others Neuroticism Neuroticism refers to a tendency towards negative emotions and includes experiences like feeling anxious and depressed. The opposite of neuroticism is emotional stability. Key facets of neuroticism include: Anxiety and tensionAngry hostility and irritability,Depression,Self-consciousness and shyness,Being impulsive and moodyLack of self-confidence The acronym OCEAN is a handy device for the traits specified by the Big Five. Can Personality Be Changed? Personality traits tend to be highly stable during adulthood. While some gradual shifts in personality traits may be possible, these shifts are generally not drastic. In other words, if an individual is low on the trait of extraversion (meaning they are more introverted than extraverted), they are likely to stay that way, though they may become slightly more or less extraverted over time. This consistency is partially explained by genetics, which plays a significant role in the traits one develops. For example, one twin study showed that when the Big Five personality traits of identical and fraternal twins were assessed, the influence of genetics was 61% for openness to experience, 44% for conscientiousness, 53% for extraversion, and 41% for both agreeableness and neuroticism. Environment may indirectly reinforce inherited traits as well. For instance, in creating an environment that works with their own traits, parents also create an environment that works with their children’s traits. Similarly, as adults, people choose environments that reinforce and support their traits. The Big Five in Childhood Research on the Big Five has been criticized in the past for focusing primarily on adult personality development and ignoring the development of these traits in children. Yet, recent research has shown that children as young as five have the ability to describe their personality and that by six, children begin to show consistency and stability in the traits of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness. Two other studies showed that while the Big Five seems to manifest in children, childrens personalities may also include additional traits. One study of American adolescent boys found that in addition to the Big Five traits, participants also displayed two additional traits. The researchers labeled these as irritability  (negative affect that led to developmentally inappropriate behaviors like whining and tantrums) and activity (energy and physical activity). Another study of Dutch children of both sexes between the ages of 3 and 16 also found two additional personality traits. While one was similar to the activity trait found in the previously discussed study, the other, dependency (relying on others), was different. Age Differences in Personality Traits Research has suggested the Big Five traits evolve with age over the life span. In an analysis of 92 longitudinal studies that examined changes in personality traits from youth to old age, scholars found that people became more conscientious, less neurotic, and increase in social dominance, a facet of extraversion, as they get older. People also became more agreeable in old age. And while adolescents were more open to experience and demonstrated greater social vitality, another facet of extraversion, especially during the college years, people decreased in these traits during old age. Sources Allport, Gordon W. and Henry S. Odbert. â€Å"Trait-Names: A Psycho-Lexical Study.† Psychological Monographs, vol. 47, no. 1, 1936, pp. i-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0093360Cattell, Raymond B. â€Å"The description of Personality: Basic Traits Resolved Into Clusters.† Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 38, vol. 4, 1943, pp. 476-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0054116Costa, Paul T., and Robert R. McCrae. â€Å"The NEO-PI-R: Professional Manual.† Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992. sjdm.org/dmidi/NEO_PI-R.htmlDigman, John M. â€Å"Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model.† Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 41, 1990, pp. 417-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221Fiske, Donald W. â€Å"Consistency of the Factorial Structures of Personality Ratings from Difference Sources.† Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol. 44, 1949, pp. 329-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0057198Jang, Kerry J., Jo hn Livesley, and Philip A. Vernon. â€Å"Heritability of the Big Five Personality Dimensions and Their Facets: A Twin Study.† Journal of Personality, vol. 64, no. 3, 1996, pp. 577-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x John, Oliver P., Avshalom Caspi, Richard W. Robins, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. â€Å"The ‘Little Five’: Exploring The Nomological Network of the Five-Factor Model of Personality in Adolescent Boys. Child Development, vol. 65, 1994, pp. 160-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00742.xJohn, Oliver P., Laura P. Naumann, and Christopher J. Soto. â€Å"Paradigm Shift to the Integrative Big Five Trait Taxonomy: History, Measurement, and Conceptual Issues.† Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3rd ed., edited by Oliver P. John, Richard W. Robins, and Lawrence A. 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Sexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexuality - Research Paper Example Particularly, advertisement through billboards was considered by the research respondents to be most offensive of all mediums of advertisement. A number of French Reports have also emphasized upon the promotion of sex through advertisements, saying that the advertisements have used overtones of violence to degrade women and project bestiality and inferior role of women in sex. Such an attitude towards women creates a very distressed situation which should be immediately addressed so that dignity of those women on different levels could be restored. â€Å"Sexist advertising affects the shaping of people's identities and is counter-productive to society's goal of achieving gender equality† (â€Å"Sweden mulls ban†). This paper analyzes such an ad by Calvin Klein and discusses how the female model in the ad has been used as a source of sexual appeal for the audiences. In the end, there is a brief discussion of the guidelines that if followed, may help eradicate this practi ce. Women are being overly sexualized in different advertisements and fashion magazines, which is not only building negative perceptions about the character of women in the society but is also playing a role in derogating the society on moral grounds. Research done by sociologists lately suggests that sexploitation of women seen on the cover of one of the mainstream fashion magazines Rolling Stone suggests that women are far more potently targeted sexually than men over the last few years and such a negative attitude definitely does not deliver a positive message to the society at large. Sexploitation through advertisements in such an open manner not only holds very negative ramifications for understanding the concept of female dignity but also leads to exploitation of women. ... Sexploitation through advertisements in such an open manner not only holds very negative ramifications for understanding the concept of female dignity but also leads to exploitation of women. Media has definitely exploited women on many levels by portraying them as sexual objects so that product sales could be increased. As a result of such advertisements in which provocative images of women’s often partially clothed bodies are shown and female sexuality is used as an effective tool for gaining public attention and increasing product sales, a lot of pressure is put on common women to be sexually attractive and also sexually active (Media Awareness Network). In the advertisement by Calvin Klein for promoting its trademark unisex fragrance CK one (Lunch), a half naked girl is shown standing immediately against a male model who is also half naked so that their bodies are touching each other’s as well as their mouths. With one outstretched arm, the male model is seen grabbi ng the female model and holding a CK one perfume bottle in his hand. The image shown in this fragrance advertisement is no doubt very provocative and fraught with all kinds of sexual suggestions. Both models have been made to pose so proximal to each other that it seems more like a pornography ad than a fragrance ad. Women definitely get exploited by such kinds of advertisements which show no respect for female sex and also such media actions deliver very negative images to the people who start accepting such ideas and believe it is normal for a woman to act provocatively. Culture is especially targeted by such advertisements in which women are over-sexualized so that it is left badly mutilated because no culture can sustain if the society shows no respect for women. Respect in

Managing Stress in the Workplace Research Paper

Managing Stress in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Persistent stress in an individual is reflected on the behaviors, responses, result delivery and attitude towards different people within an organization. It is characterized by continued headache, fatigue, lack of motivation to work and deliver severe withdrawal symptoms and depression (Leka, 2003). A number of workplace events create stressful employees and this reduces the overall productivity of the employees as they exhibit severe depression and lack of motivation to work on particular assignments. Stress is caused by time-constrained events, high expectation from the employer, family and relationship problems, job security and related issues and unrealistic deadlines imposed by supervisor. It is worth noting that despite the desire by a company to achieve its objectives within a specified period, the employees are overall responsible for the implementation of the policy and they are psychological beings. Pressure increases the urgency of delivering on a specific assignment but also decreases the productivity as the employees are forced to deal with both job related stress and psychological stress because of the pressures from the employees (Lee, 2000). Stress management at the work place has been given significant time in current management practices at is affects the overall productivity of the business. ... The paper will seek to provide the best approaches that an organization can develop in the management of stress and the different roles the employees play in these approaches. This paper will also seek to persuade organizational managements that stress management begins with the development of positive policies and regulation and not necessarily the adoption of the health and safety policies (Lee, 2000). Impacts of stress to employees and employer Stress is an all round problem that affects both the employees and the employer in equal proportion since the productivity of the employee is of much concern to the employer. Employees are affected in a number of ways by stressful work environments and these have significant impacts on their personal health, work productivity and the overall stat e of wellbeing. Excessive stress affects the normal brain functioning abilities resulting into significant brain related complications on employees. The brain works well in a stable emotional envir onment where an individual views the environment positively and enjoys every moment and responsibilities assigned to them (Leka, 2003). However, stress affects the emotional balance of an employee resulting into increased depression, emotional instability and psychological trauma. This affects the normal functioning of the human brain resulting into loss of coordination and concentration for the employees. Headache, fatigue, loss of interest and concentration, loss of appetite and emotional instability and the resultant effects of stressed brain and this affects the normal health of an employee (Lee, 2000). Employees enjoy working in a free environment free of intimidation, stress, strict and punishing deadline, features that characterize stressful workplaces.

Synopsis final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synopsis final - Essay Example These indicators should be reliable and based on a sound frame work. They should also be Feasible and linked to data sources; Focused on the interests and justice needs of the people, neutral and administered by unbiased stakeholders. They should be nonjudgmental; track data over time and identify trends, establish benchmarks in key areas and contribute to improve implementation of the basic values of the EU, such as the rule of law, justice and fundamental rights. The rule of law plays a very important role in human life. It brings the value of fundamental human rights. The rule of law ensures respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy and equality. It also creates institutional trust among EU Member states. It eliminates vices such as unfair laws, unequal application of the law, corruption and violation of fundamental rights. The rule of law also ensures justice. People, organization’s and business firms enjoy protection when disputes arise. Fair dispute resolution is attained. Human, economic and social development is also attained through the rule of law and measure of property. Waldron’s also argued that citizens can bring out the best in themselves if their rights and interests are respected and protected. He also stated that the rule of law should protect personal property. The society which fails to protect property rights against legislative restrictions is failing to support the rule of law and the measure of property. Waldron’s argument rejects the idea that the rule of law privileges property rights over other forms of law, but instead claims that the rule of law should endorse the use of legislation to achieve valid social objectives. Waldron’s argument considers some of the implications of the law in economic matters and legislative impacts on property through appropriate balance between private property rights and